This book presents in a compact form the program carried out in introductory statistics courses and discusses some essential topics for research activity, such as Monte Carlo simulation techniques, methods of statistical inference, best fit and analysis of laboratory data. All themes are developed starting from fundamentals, highlighting their applicative aspects, up to the detailed description of several cases particularly relevant for technical and scientific research. The text is dedicated to university students in scientific fields and to all researchers who have to solve practical problems by applying data analysis and simulation procedures. The R software is adopted throughout the book, with a rich library of original programs accessible to the readers through a website.